The component of a computer responsible for processing data is the central processing unit (CPU), often referred to as the "brain" of the computer. The CPU performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages data flow in the system. It interprets software commands and controls the operations of other components, such as memory, storage, and input/output devices. Modern CPUs consist of multiple cores, allowing them to perform parallel processing and improve overall performance. The efficiency and speed of a CPU significantly influence a computer's capability to run applications and handle various tasks simultaneously.