Real-time communication via text or voice typically employs WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) technology. This allows for direct peer-to-peer connections, facilitating video and audio streams without needing intermediary servers for most data transmission. Additionally, other protocols like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) enhance communication capabilities over digital networks. Real-time applications built using these technologies enable seamless interactions across various platforms, making them ideal for services like video conferencing, live chat, and VoIP calling solutions.