The technology that facilitates peer-to-peer file sharing without a central server is called BitTorrent. It allows users to share files directly between their devices, reducing the need for a single hosting server. BitTorrent operates by breaking files into smaller pieces, which can be downloaded from multiple sources simultaneously, increasing efficiency and speed. This decentralized approach enhances the distribution of large files, such as software and multimedia resources. It is commonly used for sharing large datasets and digital content.