The structure in the brain responsible for memory and learning is the hippocampus. Located in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories and the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories. It is also involved in spatial navigation and learning. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to difficulties in learning and memory retention, as seen in conditions like amnesia. Understanding its function can help in grasping various cognitive processes and addressing memory-related disorders.