The term used to describe the breakdown of food molecules to release energy is known as catabolism. This metabolic process involves the conversion of complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into simpler molecules, releasing energy stored in their chemical bonds. Catabolism is essential for providing the energy required for various cellular functions and activities. It works alongside anabolism, which refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, contributing to overall metabolism in living organisms.