The layer of gases surrounding the Earth is referred to as the atmosphere. This protective envelope consists primarily of nitrogen (approximately 78%) and oxygen (approximately 21%), with trace amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in maintaining climate, regulating temperature, and supporting life by providing oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. It also serves as a barrier to harmful solar radiation and helps to distribute heat around the planet, contributing to various weather patterns.