The primary distinction between population ecology and community ecology is their focus. Population ecology studies the dynamics of a single species' population, exploring factors influencing its size, density, and distribution. It emphasizes interactions within the same species, including birth rates, mortality rates, and migration. On the other hand, community ecology examines multiple species within a specific area and their interactions, such as predation, competition, and mutualism. Both fields are essential for understanding ecological relationships and managing biodiversity.