A monarchy is a form of governance led by a single ruler, often a king or queen, who inherits their position and typically holds extensive powers. In contrast, an oligarchy involves rule by a small group of individuals or families, often based on wealth, social status, or political influence. While monarchies may provide stability and continuity, oligarchies can concentrate power among elites, potentially leading to systemic corruption or decision-making disconnected from the needs of the broader population. Both systems present unique challenges and opportunities for governance and citizen engagement.