Political reform in established democracies faces several challenges, including entrenched interests, institutional inertia, and public resistance. The existing political structures often favor the status quo, making substantial changes difficult. Additionally, diverse opinions among the public and political elites create gridlock on reform efforts. A major hurdle is the perception that reforms can threaten existing power dynamics, leading to opposition from those benefitting from current systems. Overall, successful reform requires a balance of grassroots pressure and elite support.