The U.S. Senate differs from the House of Representatives in several key aspects. The Senate comprises two members from each state, serving six-year terms, while the House's representation is based on population size, with members serving two-year terms. Senators have broader powers regarding treaties and judicial appointments, while the House is responsible for initiating revenue bills. These differences create distinct roles in the legislative process, contributing to a balance of representation and governance within the U.S. Congress.