Political ideologies such as liberalism and conservatism are defined by distinct beliefs about the role of government, individual freedoms, and social values. Liberalism typically emphasizes progress, social equality, and government intervention to address societal issues, advocating for policies that promote individual rights and environmental protections. In contrast, conservatism tends to prioritize tradition, personal responsibility, and limited government, emphasizing free markets and individual liberties. These ideologies shape public debate and influence political parties, providing frameworks through which citizens understand and engage with complex societal challenges.