The primary gods and goddesses in Aztec mythology include Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent god of wisdom and wind, and Tezcatlipoca, the god of night and conflict. Huitzilopochtli serves as the god of war and the sun, while Chalchiuhtlicue represents water, rivers, and fertility. These deities embody various aspects of nature and human experience, reflecting the importance of duality and balance within Aztec cosmology, where each god plays a significant role in maintaining the universe.