The purpose of the epic poem "Gilgamesh" in ancient literature is twofold: it explores the human condition and the quest for immortality. The story follows the hero Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, as he embarks on a journey for knowledge and understanding after the death of his friend Enkidu. Their adventures delve into themes of friendship, loss, and the inevitability of death, making it a cornerstone of epic literature.