The famous Italian diplomat and philosopher often referred to as "the father of modern political science" is Niccolò Machiavelli. He is best known for his work "The Prince," written in the early 16th century, in which he explored the practical aspects of political leadership and power. Machiavelli's ideas emphasized the sometimes ruthless nature of political life and the importance of pragmatism over idealism. His work has had a lasting impact on political theory and practice, influencing both rulers and political thinkers throughout history, sparking debates about morality in governance.