The scientist known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation is Sir Isaac Newton. In his monumental work, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," published in 1687, Newton outlined his three laws of motion, which describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. He also introduced the law of universal gravitation, positing that every mass attracts every other mass in the universe. Newton’s insights laid the foundation for classical mechanics and significantly advanced our understanding of physics.