Portugal was the European country most notably known for its colonization of Brazil. Beginning in the early 16th century, Portugal established a vast territory in South America, which it claimed for its crown. The process of colonization was marked by the exploitation of Brazil's resources, including sugarcane and later gold and diamonds. The Portuguese introduced their language, culture, and Catholicism, significantly influencing Brazilian identity. The colony flourished economically but also faced tensions with indigenous populations and rival European powers until Brazil gained independence in 1822.