The empire that dominated large parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia at its height in the 16th century is the Ottoman Empire. Founded around the late 13th century, the empire significantly expanded under leaders such as Suleiman the Magnificent, reaching its zenith in territorial extent during the 16th century. The Ottomans controlled important trade routes and cultural exchanges across three continents, contributing to rich cultural and architectural legacies, including the iconic Hagia Sophia and Topkapi Palace. The empire's administrative systems and diverse population fostered a unique blend of cultures, religions, and languages, impacting the regions it governed until its eventual decline in the early 20th century.