The ancient culture known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy is the Babylonian civilization. Flourishing in Mesopotamia, particularly around Babylon, they developed sophisticated mathematical techniques, including the base-60 numeral system, which influences how we measure time and angles today. Babylonians also meticulously observed celestial bodies, leading to advances in astronomy, such as the identification of planets and the creation of lunar calendars, laying a foundation for future scientific endeavors.