The ancient civilization known for its sophisticated understanding of mathematics and astronomy is the Maya civilization. Flourishing in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras from around 2000 BCE, the Maya developed an intricate calendar system and advanced astrological knowledge. They accurately predicted astronomical events, such as solar and lunar eclipses, and created a complex calendar that consisted of various cycles. Their mathematical system included the concept of zero, an essential innovation. The Maya's achievements in architecture, writing, and urban planning also reflect their advanced understanding of not just mathematics and astronomy, but a holistic view of the universe.