The ancient civilization known for its advanced mathematical techniques is the Babylonians, who thrived in Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE. They developed a base-60 (sexagesimal) number system, which influenced modern timekeeping and geometry. Babylonians created complex calculations that included multiplication, division, and solving quadratic equations. Their mathematical advances were documented on clay tablets, revealing their proficiency in astronomy, where they could predict celestial events. This mathematical knowledge also facilitated their advancements in trade, land measurement, and administration, highlighting their significant contributions to civilization, as well as the foundational role of mathematics in various fields of study throughout history.