The primary goal of the Crusades was to reclaim the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, from Muslim control. Initiated in the late 11th century, the Crusades involved a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Pope and aimed at protecting Christian pilgrims and territories in the region. Crusaders sought not only territorial gains but also to strengthen Christian influence and combat perceived threats from Islam. The Crusades led to significant cultural, religious, and political exchanges between Europe and the Middle East, profoundly impacting both regions' histories.