The political structure of ancient Rome was characterized by a republican system, which combined elements of democracy and oligarchy. Established around 509 BC, the Roman Republic featured elected officials, including consuls and senators, who represented the interests of the citizenry. The Senate, primarily composed of aristocrats, played a crucial role in governance, while assemblies allowed citizens to vote on legislation. This complex system promoted civic participation and reflection on leadership accountability, though it was also marked by social inequalities, ultimately leading to the transition toward imperial rule.