Colonialism had devastating overall effects on indigenous populations worldwide, leading to widespread displacement, cultural erosion, and social disruption. Colonizers often imposed foreign governance, exploited natural resources, and reshaped local economies, resulting in the loss of traditional livelihoods and identities. Indigenous peoples were frequently subjected to violence, disease, and forced assimilation, leading to significant population declines. The introduction of European political systems also disrupted established social structures, undermining self-determination. Moreover, the legacy of colonialism continues to affect indigenous communities today, manifesting in ongoing social inequalities, cultural marginalization, and struggles for land and rights, highlighting the deep-rooted impacts of colonial practices.