The main cultural contribution of the Byzantine Empire to Europe was the preservation and transmission of classical knowledge and culture. The Byzantines maintained and copied ancient Greek and Roman texts, ensuring that significant literary, philosophical, and scientific works survived through tumultuous periods of history. Additionally, Byzantine art and architecture, characterized by intricate mosaics and domed churches like Hagia Sophia, left an indelible mark on European aesthetics. The Byzantine Empire also played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity and helped shape Eastern Orthodox traditions, influencing religious practices and cultural exchanges with Western Europe.