The Protestant Reformation had a profound impact on religion in Europe, fracturing the unity of the Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of numerous Protestant denominations. Initiated by figures like Martin Luther in the early 16th century, the Reformation challenged the authority of the Pope and criticized practices such as the sale of indulgences. It fostered religious pluralism, encouraged personal interpretations of the Bible, and diminished the Church's political power. The movement also laid the groundwork for religious conflicts and wars, reshaping European society, culture, and politics.