A significant effect of the Great Migration, which occurred primarily between 1916 and 1970, was the transformation of urban demographics and cultural landscapes in the United States. Millions of African Americans moved from the rural South to northern and western cities seeking better economic opportunities and escaping Jim Crow laws. This migration contributed to vibrant cultural movements, particularly the Harlem Renaissance, as displaced populations brought their traditions and artistic expressions to urban centers. Additionally, the Great Migration impacted labor markets, civil rights dynamics, and social structures, ultimately re-shaping American society and influencing subsequent civil rights activism.