The ancient Byzantine Empire was characterized by significant power struggles, both internally and externally. Internally, there were often conflicts over succession, as various factions vied for the throne, leading to civil wars and instability. Externally, the empire faced invasions from various groups, including the Persians, Slavs, and later the Ottomans. The empire also struggled to defend its borders while dealing with competing interests of regional powers, which often shifted over time. The complexities of court politics, religious disputes, and economic issues further compounded these struggles, making the Byzantine Empire a site of continuous conflict and negotiation.