The industrial innovation that drastically changed textile manufacturing in the 18th century was the invention of the spinning jenny. Created by James Hargreaves in 1764, this multi-spindle spinning frame allowed a single worker to spin several threads simultaneously, greatly increasing productivity. Alongside other innovations like the power loom and the cotton gin, the spinning jenny contributed to the **Industrial Revolution**, transforming the textile industry into a mechanized process, leading to mass production and significantly influencing the economy and labor structures.