The ancient civilization known for its contributions to mathematics and astronomy, particularly the Mayan calendar, is the Maya civilization. Flourishing in present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras from around 2000 BC to 1500 AD, the Maya developed a complex society with advanced knowledge in writing, architecture, and astronomy. They created a sophisticated calendar system that included the Tzolk'in (a 260-day calendar) and the Haab' (a 365-day solar calendar). Their understanding of cyclical time and astronomical cycles influenced agricultural practices and religious ceremonies. The Mayan civilization is celebrated for its monumental architecture, including pyramids and cities like Tikal and Palenque.