The ancient Sumerians, residing in present-day Iraq, are credited with creating one of the earliest forms of writing known as cuneiform. This writing system, developed around 3200 BCE, utilized a series of wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets. Initially used for recording transactions and documenting administrative activities, cuneiform eventually evolved to include literary and historical texts. The Sumerians contributed significantly to human civilization, laying the groundwork for future writing systems and influencing cultures throughout history. Their advancements in writing reflect their complex societal structures, which emphasized governance, trade, and cultural expression.