The basic principles underpinning the science of nutrition include understanding macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). A balanced diet involves consuming an appropriate mix of these nutrients to support the body's functions and maintain overall health. Additionally, concepts such as caloric balance, nutrient timing, and individual dietary needs play a crucial role in nutritional science. By focusing on nutrient-dense foods and proper meal planning, individuals can optimize their dietary choices for better health and fitness outcomes.