The famous scientist who introduced the laws of motion and universal gravitation is Sir Isaac Newton. He published his groundbreaking work in the 17th century, particularly in his influential book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (often referred to as the Principia). Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, leading to motion. His law of universal gravitation explains that every mass attracts every other mass with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Newton's contributions laid the foundation for classical mechanics and greatly advanced our understanding of physics.