The term for an event that causes changes to the Earth's surface is called "geological events" or "geological processes." Such events include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, erosion, and sedimentation, which can radically alter landscapes over time. These processes are driven by forces like tectonic activity, weathering, and the movement of water and ice. Understanding these events is crucial for geologists in studying the Earth's history and predicting future changes. They play a significant role in shaping ecosystems and landscapes, influencing everything from land use to disaster management.