Prominent themes in the Geography paper for UPSC Mains include human geography, physical geography, and the interrelation between environment and development. The paper often explores issues such as urbanization, resource management, and geographic distribution of population. Candidates must demonstrate an understanding of geopolitical dynamics, climate patterns, and the impact of geography on national and regional policies. Current events related to environmental sustainability and globalization are also pertinent areas of inquiry for students to focus on during their studies.