Candidates can utilize research methodologies such as qualitative analysis and comparative studies to critically evaluate public policies in their essays for UPSC. Qualitative analysis allows for in-depth exploration of policy implications, stakeholder perspectives, and outcomes based on case studies. Comparative studies enable candidates to contrast different policy approaches, assessing effectiveness and learning from successes or failures. By employing these methodologies, candidates can develop richer, evidence-based arguments in their essays, demonstrating their analytical prowess and depth of understanding of complex policy issues, greatly benefiting their UPSC performance.