Critical historical events for understanding the Indian polity in UPSC studies include the Indian Independence Movement, the framing of the Constitution, and significant socio-political reforms post-independence. Knowledge of events like the Emergency, the Mandala Commission, and the liberalization policies are essential in grasping contemporary issues in governance. Additionally, understanding the evolution of political ideologies and their implications on policy helps candidates contextualize current events effectively, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of India’s political landscape necessary for the examination.